Instrument Landing System Introduction to ILS Instrument landing system (ILS) provides horizontal and vertical guidance by its Localiser and Glide path to assist in bad weather landings Localiser of ILS operates on frequencies from 108 to 111.975 MHz in the VHF band Glide slope of ILS operates on frequencies from 329.15 to 335 MHz in UHF band Since localiser and glide path are paired with each other, selection of localiser automatically selects its glide path Distance from touch down are provided by marker beacons which are low powered NDB on…
VHF Omni Directional Radio Range (VOR)
Very High Frequency Omni-directional Radio Range Introduction to VOR VHF Radio Range (VOR) is an ICAO approved short range navigational aid that emits Radials Magnetic Bearings with a spacing of 1 degree which are called Radials VOR is free from Static and Night effect making it fit for air navigation during day and night VOR operates on the principle of Bearing by Phase Comparison between simultaneously transmitted Reference and Variable signals Airborne equipment consists of a receiver with a dipole antenna and its indications are presented in RMI as well…
Automatic Direction Finder (ADF-NDB)
Non-Directional Beacon and Automatic Direction Finder Introduction to NDB Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) is ground-based transmitter which is used for direction finding by the Automatic Direction Finder(ADF) NDB is transmits a Vertically polarised interrupted carrier wave signal in the LF or MF bands Transmission is omni-directional or equally spread in 360 degrees around the ariel Frequencies allocated to the NDB are from 190 to 1750 kHz in LF and MF bands NDB Ariels are huge ‘T’ shaped due to their high wave length Emission designators of NDB are NON-A1A or NON-A2A…