Map Projections – Scale of Maps and Charts – Map Reading
Critical Point – Point of Safe Return (CP – PNR)
Payload Calculations
Propagation and Modulation of Radio Wave – Antenna principles
VHF Direction Finder (VDF) – Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) – Relative Bearing Indicator (RBI)
VHF Omni Directional Radio Range (VOR) – Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) – Course Deviation Indicator (CDI or OBI) – Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)
Instrument Landing System (ILS) – Microwave Landing System (MLS)
Convergence and Conversion Angle
Departure Distance Calculation
Mercator Projection – Plotting on Mercator
Lamberts Conical Projection and Plotting on Lambert
Polar Stereographic Projection and Calculations
Solar System, GMT, LMT, UTC Time Calculations
Sunrise, Sunset, Twilight Calculations
Gyroscopes, Directional Gyro Indicator (DGI) and Gyro Magnetic Compass (GMC)
Artificial Horizon and Turn and Slip Indicator
Inertial Navigation System (INS) and Inertial Reference System (IRS)
Warning Systems (GPWS – TCAS) and Recording Systems (FDR – CVR)