N<\/strong> \u2013 No Change<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n Example: R27R\/P1500U<\/strong>\n <\/li>\n<\/ul>\nPresent Weather<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/aviation-meteorology\/m26-aerodrome-met-report-5.jpg\")
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\n- The present weather group consists of a Qualifier<\/strong>, Descriptor<\/strong>, and Weather Phenomenon<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- The Qualifier<\/strong> indicates intensity and proximity.<\/li>\n
- The Descriptor<\/strong> describes the type of precipitation or obscuration.<\/li>\n
- The Weather Phenomenon<\/strong> specifies the actual weather condition.<\/li>\n
- Example: -SHRA<\/strong> = Light Rain Showers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Cloud Report<\/h3>\n
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\n- Cloud height is reported above aerodrome level (QFE) in ascending order of cloud amount.<\/li>\n
- FEW<\/strong> = 1\u20132 oktas.<\/li>\n
- SCT<\/strong> = 3\u20134 oktas.<\/li>\n
- BKN<\/strong> = 5\u20137 oktas.<\/li>\n
- OVC<\/strong> = 8 oktas.<\/li>\n
- High clouds are reported only when they cover a significant portion of the sky.<\/li>\n
- Special cloud types such as CB<\/strong> or TCU<\/strong> are specifically indicated (e.g., FEW009 BKN015 TCU<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Vertical Visibility, Temperature and QNH<\/h3>\n
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\n- Vertical Visibility (VV):<\/strong> Reported in hundreds of feet.<\/li>\n
- VV002<\/strong> indicates a vertical visibility of 200 ft<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- If clouds cannot be observed due to obscuration, VV\/\/\/<\/strong> is reported.<\/li>\n
- Temperature and Dew Point:<\/strong> Reported in whole degrees Celsius.<\/li>\n
- Values of 0.5\u00b0C are rounded up to the next whole number.<\/li>\n
- Negative temperatures are prefixed with M<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- QNH:<\/strong> Reported using the prefix Q<\/strong> (e.g., Q0991<\/strong>) and always rounded down for flight safety.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
CAVOK<\/h3>\n
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\n- CAVOK<\/strong> (Ceiling And Visibility OK) may replace visibility, RVR and present weather groups.<\/li>\n
- CAVOK Criteria:<\/strong>\n
\n- Visibility greater than 10 km<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- No cloud below 5000 ft<\/strong> or the Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA), whichever is higher.<\/li>\n
- No Cumulonimbus (CB) clouds.<\/li>\n
- No significant weather.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA):<\/strong> Provides at least 300 m (1000 ft)<\/strong> obstacle clearance within a radius of 46 km (25 NM)<\/strong> from a radio navigation aid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Recent Weather and Wind Shear<\/h3>\n
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\n- Recent weather is reported if significant weather occurred during the previous hour or since the last METAR.<\/li>\n
- A maximum of three recent weather events may be reported.<\/li>\n
- Example: RERA<\/strong> = Recent Rain.<\/li>\n
- Wind shear is included when reported by pilots or forecast by meteorological services.<\/li>\n
- WS ALL RWY<\/strong> indicates wind shear affecting all runways.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Trend Forecast<\/h3>\n
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\n- The trend forecast is valid for 2 hours<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- TAF coding conventions are used in the trend forecast.<\/li>\n
- NOSIG<\/strong> indicates that no significant weather changes are expected.<\/li>\n
- The report ends with the symbol =<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Runway State<\/h3>\n
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\n- Runway state (SNOWTAM) is issued for snow-covered runways.<\/li>\n
- It includes:\n
\n- Runway Designator<\/li>\n
- Type of Deposit<\/li>\n
- Extent of Coverage<\/li>\n
- Depth of Deposit<\/li>\n
- Braking Action<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Example: 68 4 9 94 91<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Conditions for Issuing SPECI<\/h3>\n
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\n- Surface Wind:<\/strong>\n
\n- Mean speed \u2265 10 kt.<\/li>\n
- Direction changes by \u2265 60\u00b0 with speed \u2265 10 kt.<\/li>\n
- Mean speed \u2265 10 kt with speed variation \u2265 15 kt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Visibility:<\/strong> Passing through 800, 1500, 3000 or 5000 m<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- RVR:<\/strong> Passing through 150, 350, 600 or 800 m<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- Present Weather:<\/strong> Onset, cessation or intensity changes in freezing precipitation, freezing fog, moderate\/heavy precipitation, drifting or blowing snow, sand, dust, duststorm (DS), thunderstorm (TS), sandstorm (SS), squalls and funnel clouds (tornado or waterspout).<\/li>\n
- Clouds:<\/strong> Cloud base BKN or OVC at 30, 60, 150, 300 or 450 m<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- Cloud amount changes from SKC\/FEW\/SCT<\/strong> to BKN\/OVC<\/strong> or vice versa.<\/li>\n
- Vertical Visibility:<\/strong> Passing through 30, 60, 150 or 300 m<\/strong> (100, 200, 500 or 1000 ft).<\/li>\n
- Surface temperature changes by 2\u00b0C or more<\/strong> since the previous observation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Special Information<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/aviation-meteorology\/m26-aerodrome-met-report-13.jpg\")
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\n- SPECIAL is an abbreviated plain-language version of SPECI intended for local ATC.<\/li>\n
- SPECIAL reports are not transmitted to other stations.<\/li>\n
- They are issued for:\n
\n- Visibility of 2000 m<\/strong> or 4000 m<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- Cloud base of 90 m<\/strong> or 120 m<\/strong> measured by a ceilometer or celiograph.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Aircraft Reports (AIREP \/ PIREP)<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/aviation-meteorology\/m26-aerodrome-met-report-14.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
\n- AIREP<\/strong> or PIREP<\/strong> are weather reports transmitted by pilots during climb and en-route flight.<\/li>\n
- Example:
\n AIREP IA120 BHP 1200 UTC FL350 M554 270\/04KT TS SCT CB TOP FL400 =<\/code>\n <\/li>\n- An AIREP consists of three sections:\n
\n- Section 1:<\/strong> Flight identification, position, time and flight level.<\/li>\n
- Section 2:<\/strong> Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) and endurance.<\/li>\n
- Section 3:<\/strong> Air temperature, wind, thunderstorms, turbulence, icing and humidity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Aircraft equipped with data link automatically transmit weather reports every 15 minutes<\/strong> during cruise.<\/li>\n
- During the first 10 minutes<\/strong> of climb, automated reports are transmitted every 30 seconds<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- Non-routine weather such as wind shear, icing and turbulence is transmitted immediately.<\/li>\n
- After landing, volcanic activity reports are forwarded to the Aerodrome Meteorological Office when applicable.<\/li>\n
- AIREP is generally not required for:\n
\n- Aircraft not equipped with RNAV.<\/li>\n
- Flights shorter than 2 hours<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- Aircraft within 1 hour<\/strong> of landing.<\/li>\n
- Flights below 1500 m (5000 ft)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Aerodrome Meteorological Report METAR, SPECI and SPECIAL Aerodrome Meteorological Reports are classified as METAR, SPECI, and SPECIAL. METAR is a routine aviation weather report issued every 30 minutes by meteorological offices. A trend (landing) forecast is appended. SPECI is a selected special weather report issued for significant changes in weather conditions since the previous METAR. SPECI is issued immediately for deterioration in weather conditions and after a 10-minute interval for improvements. A trend forecast is appended to SPECI reports. SPECIAL is a local version of SPECI intended only for the…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"disable_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[358],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15862","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-aviation-meteorology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15862","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15862"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15862\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16700,"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15862\/revisions\/16700"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15862"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15862"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15862"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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