{"id":14540,"date":"2025-06-07T16:35:23","date_gmt":"2025-06-07T11:05:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/?p=14540"},"modified":"2026-07-26T10:01:31","modified_gmt":"2026-07-26T04:31:31","slug":"global-positioning-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/global-positioning-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Global Positioning System (GNSS-GPS)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r16-global-positioning-system-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>Satellite assisted Navigation using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)<\/h2>\n<p>Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides accurate aircraft position, velocity, and time information worldwide. It uses signals from satellite constellations such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou to determine the aircraft&#8217;s location. GNSS supports en-route navigation, area navigation (RNAV), precision approaches, and improves flight safety and efficiency.<\/p>\n<h3>Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r16-global-positioning-system-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>GPS is a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) with two levels of accuracy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Standard Positioning Service (SPS)<\/strong> provides an accuracy of approximately <strong>30 m<\/strong> and is available to all users.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Precise Positioning Service (PPS)<\/strong> provides an accuracy of approximately <strong>1 m<\/strong> and is available only to the U.S. military.<\/li>\n<li>Equivalent Global Navigation Satellite Systems include:\n<ul>\n<li>GPS (USA)<\/li>\n<li>GLONASS (Russia)<\/li>\n<li>Galileo (Europe)<\/li>\n<li>BeiDou (China)<\/li>\n<li>NavIC (India)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Kepler&#8217;s Laws of Planetary Motion<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r16-global-positioning-system-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>GPS satellites follow Kepler&#8217;s Laws of Planetary Motion.<\/li>\n<li>An elliptical orbit is one in which the sum of the radius vectors is constant.<\/li>\n<li>The radius vector is the line joining the Earth and the satellite.<\/li>\n<li><strong>First Law:<\/strong> A satellite moves in an elliptical orbit with the Earth at one focus.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Second Law:<\/strong> The radius vector sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.<\/li>\n<li>A satellite travels faster when it is closer to the Earth.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Third Law:<\/strong> The square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the Earth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Position Reference System<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r16-global-positioning-system-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>GPS positions are referenced to the center of the Earth in three dimensions.<\/li>\n<li>Cartesian coordinates with the Earth&#8217;s center as the origin are used.<\/li>\n<li>GPS is based on the <strong>World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>WGS-84 approximates the Earth as a reference ellipsoid.<\/li>\n<li>The Earth is not a perfect sphere, and mean sea level is not constant.<\/li>\n<li>Aircraft height near the Earth&#8217;s surface should therefore be interpreted with caution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Components of Global Navigation System<\/h2>\n<h3>GPS Segments<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r16-global-positioning-system-5.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The GPS system consists of three segments:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Space Segment<\/strong> \u2013 GPS satellites with atomic clocks.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Control Segment<\/strong> \u2013 Ground monitoring and control stations.<\/li>\n<li><strong>User Segment<\/strong> \u2013 GPS receivers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>GPS Space Segment<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r16-global-positioning-system-6.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Satellites are known as <strong>Space Vehicles (SVs)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>The constellation consists of <strong>24 Space Vehicles<\/strong> (21 operational and 3 spare).<\/li>\n<li>Satellites are distributed in <strong>6 orbital planes<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Average orbital altitude is approximately <strong>20,180 km<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Orbital period is approximately <strong>12 hours<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Orbital Planes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Orbital planes are equally spaced around the equator.<\/li>\n<li>Each orbital plane is inclined at approximately <strong>55\u00b0<\/strong> to the equator.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Space Vehicles Above the Horizon<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r16-global-positioning-system-7.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The GPS constellation is designed so that any observer normally has <strong>5\u20138 satellites<\/strong> in view.<\/li>\n<li>A satellite is considered &#8220;in view&#8221; only if it is at least <strong>5\u00b0 above the horizon<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Satellites below 5\u00b0 elevation are masked and not used for navigation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Standard Positioning Service (SPS) and Precise Positioning Service (PPS)<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r16-global-positioning-system-8.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>SPS<\/strong> uses only the <strong>Coarse Acquisition (C\/A) Code<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Available to all civilian users.<\/li>\n<li><strong>PPS<\/strong> uses both the <strong>C\/A Code<\/strong> and the <strong>Precision (P) Code<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Available only to the U.S. military.<\/li>\n<li>The navigation message includes:\n<ul>\n<li>Satellite position.<\/li>\n<li>Clock time.<\/li>\n<li>Clock correction.<\/li>\n<li>Ionospheric conditions.<\/li>\n<li>Almanac.<\/li>\n<li>Satellite health.<\/li>\n<li>Time.<\/li>\n<li>Command and control information.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Working Principle of GPS<\/h2>\n<h3>GPS Pseudo Random Noise (PRN) Code<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r16-global-positioning-system-9.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The signal transmitted by each satellite is called the <strong>Pseudo Random Noise (PRN) Code<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Although it appears random, it follows a unique repeating sequence.<\/li>\n<li>Each satellite transmits its own unique PRN code.<\/li>\n<li>The code repeats every <strong>1 millisecond<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Coarse Acquisition (C\/A) Code<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Broadcast on <strong>L1 frequency: 1575.42 MHz<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Chip rate of <strong>1.023 MHz<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Repeats every <strong>1 millisecond<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Precision (P) Code<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Broadcast on <strong>L2 frequency: 1227.60 MHz<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Chip rate of <strong>10.23 MHz<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Navigation data modulation rate of <strong>50 Hz<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Complete sequence repeats approximately every <strong>7 days<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Encrypted P-Code is known as the <strong>Y-Code<\/strong> and is protected by anti-spoofing measures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>GPS Space Vehicle Navigation Message<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r16-global-positioning-system-10.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The navigation message consists of one <strong>30-second frame<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Each frame contains <strong>5 subframes<\/strong> of <strong>6 seconds<\/strong> each.<\/li>\n<li>The navigation message contains:\n<ul>\n<li>Telemetry Word (TLM).<\/li>\n<li>Handover Word (HOW).<\/li>\n<li>GPS Time of Week.<\/li>\n<li>Satellite clock correction data.<\/li>\n<li>Ephemeris data.<\/li>\n<li>Ionospheric model.<\/li>\n<li>UTC correction.<\/li>\n<li>Satellite constellation almanac.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>A complete almanac requires approximately <strong>25 frames<\/strong> to download.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Function of GPS Receiver<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r16-global-positioning-system-11.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The receiver acquires the PRN code from the satellite.<\/li>\n<li>It generates an identical internal PRN code.<\/li>\n<li>The time delay between transmitted and received codes is measured.<\/li>\n<li>This delay is converted into the distance between the satellite and the aircraft.<\/li>\n<li>A minimum of <strong>four satellites<\/strong> is required for a complete position fix.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>GPS Position Fix<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r16-global-positioning-system-12.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A three-dimensional position fix is obtained using pseudo-ranges from four satellites.<\/li>\n<li>One satellite provides a spherical position line.<\/li>\n<li>Two satellites produce a circular position line.<\/li>\n<li>Three satellites reduce the solution to two possible positions.<\/li>\n<li>One solution lies in space, while the other is on or near the Earth&#8217;s surface.<\/li>\n<li>Four satellites provide one unique position and correct the receiver clock error.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Management of GPS System<><\/p>\n<h3>Control Segment of GPS<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r16-global-positioning-system-13.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Control Segment calculates satellite position errors caused by:\n<ul>\n<li>Gravitational effects of the Sun, Moon, and planets.<\/li>\n<li>Solar radiation pressure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The Master Control Station supervises monitoring and operational stations.<\/li>\n<li>A Backup Control Station provides redundancy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Monitoring Stations<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Monitor satellite position and clock accuracy approximately every <strong>12 hours<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Transmit updated position and clock corrections to satellites.<\/li>\n<li>Correct orbital and clock errors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Operational Control Stations<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Monitor the health of GPS satellites.<\/li>\n<li>The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) provides precise orbital information.<\/li>\n<li>Future monitoring stations support continued system expansion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>User Segment (Receivers) of GPS<\/h2>\n<h3>Sequential Receiver<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r16-global-positioning-system-14.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Scans satellites sequentially using one or two channels.<\/li>\n<li>Determines pseudo-ranges one satellite at a time.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Multiplex Receiver<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Rapidly switches between satellites.<\/li>\n<li>Provides a faster Time to First Fix (TTFF).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Multi-Channel Receiver (All-in-View)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Tracks all visible satellites simultaneously.<\/li>\n<li>Selects the most suitable satellites for navigation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>GPS Display<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>May be displayed on a moving map.<\/li>\n<li>Shows aircraft latitude and longitude.<\/li>\n<li>Displays UTC date and time.<\/li>\n<li>Shows aircraft track and ground speed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>GPS Range Position Line<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r16-global-positioning-system-15.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The range position line is determined from the time taken for the radio signal to travel from the satellite to the receiver.<\/li>\n<li>Each satellite carries Caesium and Rubidium atomic clocks.<\/li>\n<li>The Master Control Station continuously updates clock corrections.<\/li>\n<li>Accurate time information is transmitted in the navigation message.<\/li>\n<li>The receiver clock is less accurate and is corrected during signal processing.<\/li>\n<li>GPS time is measured from the GPS epoch of <strong>5 January 1980<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>The corrected time delay is used to calculate the pseudo-range.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Time Taken for First Position Fix (TTFF)<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r16-global-positioning-system-16.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>If the receiver already has a current almanac and approximate position, it can begin navigation immediately.<\/li>\n<li>If no almanac is available, the Time to First Fix is approximately <strong>15 minutes<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>12.5 minutes to download the almanac.<\/li>\n<li>2.5 minutes to search for suitable satellites.<\/li>\n<li>30 seconds to calculate the first position fix.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Errors of GPS<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r17-augmented-gps-system-17.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>GPS is affected by several sources of error, including:\n<ul>\n<li>Clock Bias<\/li>\n<li>Space Vehicle (SV) Geometry<\/li>\n<li>Space Vehicle Ephemeris Error<\/li>\n<li>Space Vehicle Clock Bias<\/li>\n<li>Orbital Perturbations<\/li>\n<li>Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP)<\/li>\n<li>Ionospheric Propagation Error<\/li>\n<li>Ionospheric Delay<\/li>\n<li>Selective Availability<\/li>\n<li>Receiver Noise<\/li>\n<li>Multipath Error<\/li>\n<li>Receiver Manufacturing Error<\/li>\n<li>Tropospheric Error<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>ICAO Permissible Limits of GPS Error<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r17-augmented-gps-system-18.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>GPS accuracy is expressed at a <strong>95% probability<\/strong> level.<\/li>\n<li>This means that the stated accuracy is achieved in <strong>19 out of 20<\/strong> measurements.<\/li>\n<li>ICAO navigation accuracy requirements are:\n<ul>\n<li>Horizontal error: <strong>Less than 13 m<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Vertical error: <strong>Less than 22 m<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Time error: <strong>Less than 40 nanoseconds (UTC)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Clock Bias Error<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r17-augmented-gps-system-19.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Clock bias occurs because of differences between the satellite clock and the receiver clock.<\/li>\n<li>The receiver intentionally introduces a small clock error to minimize this effect.<\/li>\n<li>This technique produces a <strong>cocked-hat<\/strong> position error.<\/li>\n<li>The resulting clock bias error is restricted to a single direction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Space Vehicle Geometry, Ephemeris and Orbital Perturbations<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r17-augmented-gps-system-20.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>SV Geometry Error<\/strong> occurs when satellites are not positioned optimally in the sky.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ephemeris Error<\/strong> results from inaccuracies in the satellite&#8217;s predicted orbit caused by gravitational forces and solar radiation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Orbital Perturbations<\/strong> occur due to the gravitational influence of nearby celestial bodies and other satellites.<\/li>\n<li><strong>SV Clock Bias<\/strong> results from errors in the satellite&#8217;s atomic clock.<\/li>\n<li>Satellite clock errors can introduce position errors of up to approximately <strong>1.5 m<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP)<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r17-augmented-gps-system-21.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>GDOP occurs due to poor satellite geometry.<\/li>\n<li>Poor geometry results when satellites are clustered close together.<\/li>\n<li>The ideal geometry consists of:\n<ul>\n<li>One satellite nearly overhead.<\/li>\n<li>Three satellites spaced approximately <strong>120\u00b0<\/strong> apart around the horizon.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Ionospheric Propagation Error and Delay<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r17-augmented-gps-system-22.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ionospheric propagation error occurs because actual ionospheric conditions differ from the average model stored in the receiver.<\/li>\n<li>The error may reach approximately <strong>5 m<\/strong> for a single satellite.<\/li>\n<li>Ionospheric delay is inversely proportional to the square of the satellite transmission frequency.<\/li>\n<li>The delay can be estimated by comparing signals received on different frequencies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Selective Availability<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r17-augmented-gps-system-23.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>GPS was originally developed as a military navigation system.<\/li>\n<li>Selective Availability (SA) was an intentional degradation of civilian GPS accuracy introduced by the U.S. Air Force.<\/li>\n<li>Accuracy was reduced by intentionally varying satellite clock timing.<\/li>\n<li>This technique was known as <strong>Dithering<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>The resulting error could reach approximately <strong>100 m<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Receiver Noise, Multipath, Manufacturing and Tropospheric Errors<\/h3>\n<p> <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/page-show\/radio-navigation\/r17-augmented-gps-system-24.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Receiver Noise<\/strong> is caused by internal electronic noise within the GPS receiver.<\/li>\n<li>Typical receiver noise error is approximately <strong>0.3 m<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Multipath Error<\/strong> occurs when GPS signals are reflected from the ground, buildings or other objects before reaching the receiver.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Receiver Manufacturing Errors<\/strong> result from hardware imperfections.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tropospheric Error<\/strong> is caused by variations in atmospheric pressure, density, temperature and humidity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Satellite assisted Navigation using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides accurate aircraft position, velocity, and time information worldwide. It uses signals from satellite constellations such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou to determine the aircraft&#8217;s location. GNSS supports en-route navigation, area navigation (RNAV), precision approaches, and improves flight safety and efficiency. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) GPS is a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) with two levels of accuracy. Standard Positioning Service (SPS) provides an accuracy of approximately 30&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"disable_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[326],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14540","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cpl-atpl-radio-navigation"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14540","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14540"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14540\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16612,"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14540\/revisions\/16612"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14540"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14540"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14540"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}