{"id":14480,"date":"2025-06-07T16:19:24","date_gmt":"2025-06-07T10:49:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/?p=14480"},"modified":"2025-06-09T19:23:41","modified_gmt":"2025-06-09T13:53:41","slug":"gyroscopes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/gyroscopes\/","title":{"rendered":"Gyroscopic Theory"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2>Gyroscopes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3>Gyroscope &amp; Instruments<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Gyroscopes are used in a variety of flight instruments<\/li><li>Directional gyro indicator and Gyro magnetic compass<\/li><li>Artificial horizon and Turn &amp; slip indicator<\/li><li>Inertial navigation systems and Inertial reference systems<\/li><li>Yaw dampers and Auto pilot<\/li><li>Stabilization of radar scanners<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Gyroscopic Theory<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Gyroscope has a spinning disc called rotor which spins around its spin axis<\/li><li>Gyroscopes have two basic properties of rigidity and precession<\/li><li>A highly rigid gyroscope will have low rate of precession and vice versa<\/li><li>A gyroscope with its spin axis horizontal to earth surface is a horizontal gyro<\/li><li>A vertical gyro has its spin axis vertical to earth\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s surface<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Rigidity of Gyroscope<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Rigidity is also called gyroscopic inertia of a high speed spinning rotor<\/li><li>The spin axis of a rotor maintains its direction to a point in space<\/li><li>The rule is valid only in the absence of any external force<\/li><li>The point in space could be a distant star<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Factors affecting Rigidity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Rigidity is affected by rotor mass, effective radius and speed of rotation<\/li><li>Rigidity can be increased by increasing mass or diameter of rotor<\/li><li>Concentrating rotor mass in its perimeter helps increase rigidity<\/li><li>Increasing speed of rotation also increases rigidity<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Precession of Gyroscope<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Precession shifts the effect of an external force applied on the gyro<\/li><li>The effect of external force is felt at right angles to the point of application<\/li><li>When an external force is applied to move spin axis upwards<\/li><li>The spin axis will move to the right for a clockwise spinning rotor<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Effect of force on Precession of Gyroscope<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>When an external force is applied to change the spin axis of a gyro<\/li><li>Gyro resists the change due to the external force<\/li><li>Moves the spin axis 90 deg displaced from the direction of force<\/li><li>In the direction of rotation of the rotor<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Rate of Precession<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Rate of precession is directly proportional to the torque applied<\/li><li>Precession rate is inversely proportional to the mass and speed of rotation<\/li><li>These help in maintaining the property of rigidity<\/li><li>Rate of precession = Torque applied \/ (Rotor Rpm x Moment of inertia)<\/li><li>A light weight gyro, rotating at lesser speeds would have higher precession<\/li><li>A heavy gyro, rotating at high speeds would be more rigid and precess lesser<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Single Gimbal System<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Gyro is mounted in a ring type of suspension system called gimbals<\/li><li>Gimbals provide the freedom of movement to the gyro<\/li><li>Single gimbal system provides the gyro with one degree of freedom<\/li><li>If the one degree of freedom is in line with longitudinal axis<\/li><li>Spin axis will not be disturbed by pitch up or down of aircraft<\/li><li>Spin axis will not be disturbed by banking left or right of aircraft<\/li><li>Yawing movement of aircraft will disturb the spin axis<\/li><li>Single gimbal system does not provide freedom to correct yaw<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Two Gimbal System<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>In a two-gimbal system the inner gimbal is mounted on the outer gimbal<\/li><li>The outer gimbal then is mounted on to the frame of aircraft<\/li><li>Two gimbal system provides the gyro full freedom to move in any direction<\/li><li>The gyro can maintain its spin axis at a fixed point in space in all three axis<\/li><li>Spin axis would be un disturbed during pitch, roll as well as yawing movement<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Function of Gyroscopes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Gyroscopes can be classified based on their functions<\/li><li>Displacement gyros measure bank, heading or pitch angles<\/li><li>Space gyros are unrestrained and are free to wander<\/li><li>Tied gyros are brought back to its original orientation by an external force<\/li><li>Earth gyros maintain their orientation with earth surface by gravity<\/li><li>Rate gyros help in measurement of rate of change like rate of turn<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Displacement Gyros<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Displacement gyros have two degrees of freedom by two gimbal system<\/li><li>Allows aircraft to pitch, roll &amp; yaw without disturbing the spin axis<\/li><li>Space gyros are unrestrained and maintains position to a point in space<\/li><li>Require low real wander and are used in Inertial navigation system<\/li><li>Tied gyro have two degree of freedom and have their spin axis tied to a datum<\/li><li>Datum could be horizontal or vertical plane of earth<\/li><li>Earth Gyros are tied to the surface of earth by gravity<\/li><li>Directional Gyro Indicators use earth gyros<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Rate Gyros<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Rate gyros have a single gimbal system with one degree of freedom<\/li><li>Turn indicators use rate gyros<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Air Driven Gyros<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Air driven gyros use pneumatic power or air pressure to rotate the gyro<\/li><li>Pressurised air could be obtained from either of the three sources<\/li><li>A engine driven vacuum pump<\/li><li>Low pressure air from engine inlet manifold<\/li><li>Venturi mechanism outside the aircraft<\/li><li>High pressure air is accurately directed at the rotor to spin at a constant rate<\/li><li>Air driven gyro is independent of electrical power<\/li><li>It will work even in the event of a total electrical failure<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Electric Powered Gyros<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Electric powered gyros use alternating current driven electric motor<\/li><li>Electric powered gyros have some advantages over air driven gyros<\/li><li>Faster spin speed increases property of rigidity<\/li><li>Constant rotor speed reduces real drift<\/li><li>Sealed gyro unit is safe from interference<\/li><li>Rapidly achieve required rotor speeds<\/li><li>Initialisation is quite fast<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2>Share this Page<\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gyroscopes Gyroscope &amp; Instruments Gyroscopes are used in a variety of flight instruments Directional gyro indicator and Gyro magnetic compass Artificial horizon and Turn &amp; slip indicator Inertial navigation systems and Inertial reference systems Yaw dampers and Auto pilot Stabilization of radar scanners Gyroscopic Theory Gyroscope has a spinning disc called rotor which spins around its spin axis Gyroscopes have two basic properties of rigidity and precession A highly rigid gyroscope will have low rate of precession and vice versa A gyroscope with its spin axis horizontal to earth surface&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"disable_featured_image":false},"categories":[345],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14480"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14480"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14480\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14480"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14480"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibexaviation.com\/pilot-training\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14480"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}